Frostbite

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First aid kit

Frostbite

Frostbite - hands

Cold exposure - extremities

Be aware of factors that can contribute to frostbite, such as extreme cold, wet clothes, high winds, and poor circulation. This can be caused by tight clothing or boots, cramped positions, fatigue, certain medications, smoking, alcohol use, or diseases that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes.

Wear suitable clothing in cold temperatures and protect susceptible areas. In cold weather, wear mittens (not gloves); wind-proof, water-resistant, many-layered clothing; two pairs of socks (cotton next to skin, then wool); and a scarf and a hat that cover the ears (to avoid substantial heat loss through the scalp).

Before anticipated prolonged exposure to cold, don't drink alcohol or smoke, and get adequate food and rest.

If caught in a severe snowstorm, find shelter early or increase physical activity to maintain body warmth.

Ulrich AS. Hypothermia and localized cold injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2004; 22(2): 281-98.

Petrone P. Surgical management and strategies in the treatment of hypothermia and cold injury.  Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003; 21(4): 1165-78.

Morton PM. Wilderness survival. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 204; 22(2): 475-509, ix-x.

Review Date: 03/21/2006
Reviewed By: Eric Perez, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Luke's-RooseveltHospital Center, New York, NY. Review provided by VeriMed HealthcareNetwork.