Birth control and family planning

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Barrier methods of birth control - series	Before and after vasectomy	Birth control pill - series	Cervical cap
Hormone-based contraceptives	Intrauterine device	Side sectional view of female reproductive system	The diaphragm
The male condom	Tubal ligation	Tubal ligation - series	Vaginal ring

SPERMICIDES

• Spermicides are chemical jellies, foams, creams, or suppositories that kill sperm.
• They can be purchased in most drug and grocery stores.
• This method used by itself is not very effective. About 26 pregnancies occur over 1 year out of 100 women using this method alone.
• Spermicides are generally combined with other methods (such as condoms or diaphragm) as extra protection.
• Warning: The spermicide nonoxynol-9 can help prevent pregnancy, but also may increase the risk of HIV transmission.
• Risks include irritation and allergic reactions.

DIAPHRAGM AND CERVICAL CAP

• A diaphragm is a flexible rubber cup that is filled with spermicidal cream or jelly.
• It is placed into the vagina over the cervix, before intercourse, to prevent sperm from reaching the uterus. 
• It should be left in place for 6 to 8 hours after intercourse.
• Diaphragms must be prescribed by a woman's health care provider, who determines the correct type and size of diaphragm for the woman.
• About 5-20 pregnancies occur over 1 year in 100 women using this method, depending on proper use.
• A similar, smaller device is called a cervical cap.
• Risks include irritation and allergic reactions to the diaphragm or spermicide, and urinary tract infection. In rare cases, toxic shock syndrome may develop in women who leave the diaphragm in too long. A cervical cap may cause an abnormal Pap test.

VAGINAL SPONGE

• Vaginal contraceptive sponges are soft synthetic sponges saturated with a spermicide. Prior to intercourse, the sponge is moistened, inserted into the vagina, and placed over the cervix. After intercourse, the sponge is left in place for 6 to 8 hours.
• It is quite similar to the diaphragm as a barrier mechanism, but you do not need to be fitted by your doctor. The sponge can be purchased over the counter.
• In April 2005, the FDA granted re-approval for the Today sponge to return to the U.S. market.
• About 18 to 28 pregnancies occur over one year for every 100 women using this method.
• The sponge may be more effective in women who have not previously delivered a baby.
• Risks include irritation, allergic reaction, trouble removing the sponge. In rare cases, toxic shock syndrome may occur.