Changes in the newborn at birth

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

Birth - changes in the newborn

While the fetus is still in the womb, the lungs are full of amniotic fluid and are not used for breathing. Waste removal, as well as oxygen exchange, occurs through the placenta. At birth, the baby's body must suddenly adjust to new processes for sustaining life in its new environment.

FETAL STRUCTURES

Blood is pumped through the umbilical cord and placenta for waste excretion and oxygen exchange, bypassing the lungs in a fetus. There are some structures in the fetal vascular system that make this type of blood movement possible:

• Ductus arteriosus -- This is a link between the blood vessels that normally supply blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange, and the aorta, which is the main vessel supplying oxygenated blood to the body.
• Foramen ovale -- An opening between the atria (top chambers) of the heart. It facilitates movement of oxygenated blood through the fetus' body.
• Ductus venosus -- A blood vessel leading from the liver to a larger vessel called the inferior vena cava.
• Umbilical vein -- The vessel leading from the umbilical cord to the liver. This vessel delivers oxygenated blood to the fetus' body.
• Umbilical arteries -- The vessels leading from the fetal arterial system to the umbilical cord. Deoxygenated blood is carried through these vessels.

While the fetus is in the womb, blood flows through the placenta. There, waste products are removed and oxygen is picked up through an exchange process with the mother's blood vessels. This is done through membranes, and normally the fetal blood does not come in contact with maternal blood.

The cleansed and oxygenated blood flows through the large umbilical vein through the liver and the ductus venosus to the inferior vena cava and finally into the heart. A small amount is pumped to the lungs, but a majority flows through the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus into the aorta where the blood is then distributed throughout the body.

The deoxygenated blood is then returned through the umbilical arteries to the placenta, where waste products are removed and the blood is reoxygenated.