Painful menstrual periods

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Female reproductive anatomy

Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)

Relieving PMS

Uterus

Menstruation - painful; Dysmenorrhea; Periods - painful; Cramps - menstrual; Menstrual cramps

Mahutte NG. Medical management of endometriosis-associated pain. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003; 30(1): 133-150.

French L. Dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2005; 71(2): 285-291.

Rakel D. Integrative Medicine. 1st edition. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2003:385.

Review Date: 02/27/2006
Reviewed By: Melanie N. Smith, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.