Aging changes in the bones - muscles - joints

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Flexibility exercise	Osteoarthritis	Osteoarthritis	Osteoporosis
The structure of a joint

Muscle weakness contributes to fatigue, weakness, and reduced activity tolerance. Joint problems are extremely common. This may be anything from mild stiffness to debilitating arthritis (see osteoarthritis).

Injury risk is greater because of falls related to gait changes, instability, and loss of balance.

Some elderly people have reduced reflexes. This is most often caused by changes in the muscles and tendons rather than changes in the nerves. Decreased knee jerk or ankle jerk is not unexpected.

Some changes, such as a positive Babinski's reflex, are always considered abnormal.

Involuntary movements (muscle tremors and fine movements called fasciculations) are more common in the elderly. Inactive or immobile elderly people may experience weakness or abnormal sensations (paresthesias).

Muscle contractures may occur in those unable to move voluntarily or to have their muscles stretched through exercise. Restless leg syndrome may occur.

PREVENTION

Exercise is one of the best ways to slow or prevent problems with the muscles, joints, and bones. A moderate exercise program can help you maintain strength and flexibility. Exercise helps the bones to remain strong.

Consult with your health care provider before beginning a new exercise program.

A well-balanced diet with adequate amounts of calcium is important. Women need to be especially careful to get enough calcium as they age. Postmenopausal women need 1,200-1,500 mg of calcium per day. If you have osteoporosis, talk to your doctor about prescription treatments.

RELATED TOPICS

• Aging changes in body shape
• Aging changes in hormone production
• Aging changes in organs, tissues, and cells
• Aging changes in the nervous system
• Osteoporosis
• Calcium in diet

Review Date: 08/22/2006
Reviewed By: Sandra W. Cohen, M.D. Private Practice specializing in geriatrics, Brooklyn, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.