Gallstones and Gallbladder Disease - Prevention

Prevention

Diet plays a role in gallstones. The following discussions are some observations on specific dietary factors.

Role of Fats. Although fats have been associated with gallstone attacks -- particularly saturated fats (found in meats, butter, and other animal products), evidence suggests that fat intake may have benefits under specific conditions.

Some studies, for example, have found a lower risk for gallstones in people who consume foods containing monounsaturated fats (found in olive and canola oils) or omega-3 fatty acids (found in canola, flaxseed, and, particularly, fish oil). Fish oil may be of particular benefit in patients who have high triglyceride levels by improving the emptying actions of the gallbladder.

Fiber. High intake of fiber has been associated with a lower risk for gallstones.

Nuts. Studies suggest that people may be able to reduce their risk of gallstones by eating more nuts (peanuts, walnuts, almonds).

Vegetable Protein. A 2004 epidemiologic study found evidence that consumption of vegetable protein (such as soybean products) can help to prevent symptomatic gallstones.

Lecithin. Lecithin is a key component of bile. It contains choline and inositol--two compounds that are important for the breakdown of fat and cholesterol. Low levels of lecithin may precipitate the formation of cholesterol gallstones. Animal studies have suggested that lecithin-rich soy and buckwheat protein may protect against gallstones. (Buckwheat may be more protective than soy.) Dietary lecithin is available in health food stores and is found in eggs, soybeans, liver, wheat germ, and peanuts. There is no evidence, however, that lecithin supplements or foods containing it can prevent gallstones in humans.

Sugar. High-intake of sugar has been associated with an increased risk for gallstones. Diets that are high in carbohydrates (pasta, bread) can also increase risk. Carbohydrates are converted to sugar in the body.

Alcohol. A few studies, including one in 2003, reported a lower risk for gallstones with alcohol consumption. Even small amounts (one ounce per day) have been found to reduce the risk of gallstones in women by 20%. Moderate intake (defined as one or two drinks a day) also appears to have heart protective benefits. It should be noted, however, that even moderate intake increases the risk for breast cancer in women. Pregnant women, people who can't drink moderately, and people with liver disease should not drink at all.