Kidney Stones - Risk Factors

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Spiral (or Helical) Computed Tomography. A computed tomography (CT) scan called a spiral or helical CT scan is currently the best method for diagnosing stones in either the kidneys or ureters. It is fast, noninvasive, and provides detailed accurate images of even very small stones. If stones are not present, it can often identify other causes of pain in the kidney area. It is superior to x-rays, ultrasound, and intravenous pyelogram--the test that was the previous standard for detecting kidney stones. Experts hope spiral CT will eventually be able to reveal the stone's composition.

Ultrasound. Ultrasound can detect translucent uric acid stones and obstruction in the urinary tract. It is not useful for finding very small stones, but some research indicates that it may be a useful first diagnostic step in the emergency room to help predict the likelihood of a stone, including suspected stones in children.

Intravenous Pyelogram. With intravenous pyelogram (IVP), the patient is injected with a dye, and x-rays are taken as the dye enters the kidneys and travels down the urinary tract. IVP is invasive but, until recently, was the most cost-effective method for detecting stones. Where it is available, spiral CT is now preferred, since it gives a faster diagnosis, is more accurate, and it is similar in cost. In any case, IVP should not be used on patients with kidney failure. There is a risk for an allergic reaction to standard dyes, although newer less allergenic ones are becoming available.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are showing promise for diagnosing urinary tract obstruction but do not yet accurately reveal nonobstructive or small stones. Because no radiation is involved, however, it may prove to be a good option for pregnant women.